Subsea ball valves

Karan Sotoodeh , in Subsea Valves and Actuators for the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021

Abstruse

Ball valves are widely used for big size piping in the subsea manifolds. In addition, small bore ball valves in size ½″ and ¾″ can be used in subsea distribution units on the piping system to be used for delivering chemicals and hydraulic oil. This chapter reviews the application, design features, and design standards of the subsea ball valves. The concept of double piston result seat design besides equally double isolation and bleed (DIB) type 1 and 2 is explained in this chapter. Unlike components of a typical brawl valve with the possible materials have been reviewed in this affiliate. Different quality control methods and approaches are briefly explained. In addition, special ball valves such as three port or three way ball valves are also explained in this chapter.

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Valves and Meters

Malcolm J. Brandt BSc, FICE, FCIWEM, MIWater , ... Don D. Ratnayaka BSc, DIC, MSc, FIChemE, FCIWEM , in Twort'southward H2o Supply (Seventh Edition), 2017

eighteen.11 Ball Valves

Ball valves consist of a spherical obturator with a cylindrical hole, normally of the same diameter equally the pipe, although it can be smaller. Performance is by rotation (ane/4 turn) of a shaft mounted, often horizontally, with its centrality at right angles to the cylindrical hole. Seals are normally resilient and can provide drop tight shut off. Ball valves are unremarkably used in pocket-sized diameters (up to DN 300) although at least one manufacturer can make ball valves upwards to DN 1200. Brawl valves are manufactured in one-piece, tiptop entry, two-piece ( Fig. 18.6) and three-piece bodies. A top entry torso allows access to the ball and seats for maintenance without the need to remove the valve and is preferred for larger sizes.

Figure 18.6. Brawl valve (two-part body).

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Meters and Valves

E. Shashi Menon , in Transmission Pipeline Calculations and Simulations Manual, 2015

13 Brawl Valve

A brawl valve consists of a valve torso in which a large sphere with a central hole equal to the inside diameter of the piping is mounted. As the ball is rotated, in the fully open position the valve provides the through conduit or total diameter required for unrestricted catamenia of the fluid and scrapers or pigs. Compared with a gate valve, a ball valve has very little resistance to flow in the fully open position. When fully open, the L/D ratio for a ball valve is approximately 3.0. The ball valve, like the gate valve, is mostly used in the fully open or fully airtight positions. A typical brawl valve is shown in Effigy 12.ten.

Effigy 12.x. Typical brawl valve.

Unlike a gate valve, a ball valve requires a one-quarter turn of the paw bike to go from the fully open to the fully closed positions. Such quick opening and closing of a ball valve may be of importance in some installations where isolating piping sections quickly is needed in the event of emergency.

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Valves

Roy A. Parisher , Robert A. Rhea , in Pipe Drafting and Design (Fourth Edition), 2022

Ball Valve

The ball valve is an inexpensive alternative to other valves. Ball valves apply a metal brawl with a hole bored through the center, sandwiched between two seats to command menstruation. Used in many hydrocarbon process applications, ball valves are capable of throttling gases and vapors and are especially useful for depression flow situations. These valves are quick opening and provide a very tight closure on hard to hold fluids (see Figure five.12).

Figure 5.12. Ball valve.

 Courtesy of Jenkins Bros.

Ball valves do not utilize a handwheel, but instead use a wrench to control the flow. A 90° turn of the wrench opens or closes the valve. This simple blueprint yields a nonstick performance that produces minimal pressure drop when the valve is in its full-open position. Drawing symbols for the brawl valve are shown in Figure five.xiii.

Effigy 5.13. Ball valve drawing symbols.

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Valve technology and selection

Karan Sotoodeh , in A Practical Guide to Piping and Valves for the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021

Ball valve pick

Ball valves are not recommended for FO applications. By and large, information technology is possible to reduce the opening fourth dimension of the fail open actuated valve by installing a quick frazzle valve on the control panel to release the instrument air from the pneumatic actuator in the fail mode rapidly. However, a ball valve's seat and disk are in contact during the opening and closing, which can jeopardize FO. In addition, moving the relatively large and heavy ball requires a higher stem torque, a larger actuator, and perhaps a longer opening time. The ball valve manufacturer was asked about the possibility of using a soft seat ball valve for this application. The manufacturer believed that FO of the soft seat brawl valve in 2  southward could crusade damage to the soft seat because of the very quick contact with the ball. On the other hand, the manufacturer stated that a ii-s opening fourth dimension can be accomplished with a metal seat ball valve. But a metal seat has the disadvantage of possible leakage, unlike a soft seat, and information technology is a more than plush solution than butterfly and axial control valves due to the valve and the large mounted actuator.

Dissimilar FO applications, a brawl valve is a practiced option every bit a blowdown valve with less opening fourth dimension than an FO valve. Fig. 12.25 shows a blowdown ball valve to release the overpressured fluid from the equipment in an emergency mode. The blowdown ball valve is an 18″ Course 2500 in a 6MO body and a metallic Inconel 625 seat, which may need 18   s for opening. Blowdown or FO valves on flare lines normally run across depression operating temperatures because of the released gas force per unit area drop. Gas pressure drib reduces the operating temperature to −   46°C or even lower, and so the minimum design temperature is typically below −   100°C. The low temperature application makes it impractical to use 22Cr duplex with a minimum pattern temperature of −   46°C for the valve, and then 6MO or Inconel 625 are the right choices of materials. An extended bonnet is used for the valve to go along the packing abroad from the relatively common cold service, similar to cryogenic valves.

Fig. 12.25

Fig. 12.25. xviii″ Blowdown ball valve 6MO material CL2500.

 Courtesy: FCT.

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Ball-valve applications and design

Karan Sotoodeh , in A Practical Guide to Piping and Valves for the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021

Bore pattern

Ball valves can be full-bore (FB) or RBbore (RB) design. With an FB (sometimes called total port) valve, the internal flow passage is equal to the full area of the inlet port. With an RB valve, the menstruum expanse of the port (closure fellow member) is less than the area of the inside diameter of the piping and inlet of the valve. Closure member refers to the ball in a ball valve, likewise referred to in some international valve standards every bit the obturator. An FB valve allows for the use of a pipeline injected gadget (Hog) in the pipeline. A PIG is designed and run into the pipeline for inspection or cleaning purposes such as wax or scale buildup.

Both brawl valves in Fig. 1.12 should exist FB to facilitate quick and full flow release of fluid to the flare line. FB is likewise a requirement for ball valves upstream and downstream of pressure level safety valves (PSV), every bit shown in Fig. ane.12.

Fig. 1.12

Fig. 1.12. Total-bore brawl-valve upstream and downstream of the PSV.

API 6D, the standard for pipeline valves, gives a minimum bore diameter for rating 150–600 every bit upward to 60″ and split minimum bore columns for CL900, CL1500, and CL2500 as shown in Table i.ane. Only the standard does non provide the minimum bore diameter for big size and loftier-pressure classes (maximum 20″ diameter in CL2500 and 36″ diameter in CL1500). API 6D bores are counted every bit full bore just they are not really full diameter—which ways that the diameter of brawl valves as per the API 6D standard is less than the pipeline (pipe) bore. Therefore, the valve bore should exist equal to the piping diameter when conducting Sus scrofa running for API 6D pipeline valves. The minimum diameter in API 6D is usually larger than the ASME B16.34 standard for valves. An API 6D FB ball valve in larger sizes such as 24″ and pressure level classes 150–600 has a bore much closer to the pipe. For example, a 24″ brawl valve in duplex textile and course 300 has nigh 2   mm less diameter than the pipe. Still, a 20″ class 150 ball valve equally per API 6D standard could take a bore that is approximately 8   mm smaller than the pipe.

Tabular array one.1. Minimum bore bore based on API 6D.

DN (mm) NPS (in.) Pressure class
PN 20–100 (form 150– 600) PN 150 (class 900) PN 250 (course 1500) PN 420 (class 2500)
15 ½ 13 thirteen xiii 13
20 ¾ xix 19 xix 19
25 1 25 25 25 25
32 one¼ 32 32 32 32
40 1½ 38 38 38 38
50 2 49 49 49 42
65 2½ 62 62 62 52
80 iii 74 74 74 62
100 4 100 100 100 87
150 vi 150 150 144 131
200 viii 201 201 192 179
250 10 252 252 239 223
300 12 303 303 287 265
350 14 334 322 315 –
400 16 385 373 360 –
450 18 436 423 – –
500 20 487 471 – –
550 22 538 522 – –
600 24 589 570 – –
650 26 633 617 – –
700 28 684 665 – –
750 30 735 712 – –
800 32 779 760 – –
850 34 830 808 – –
900 36 874 855 – –
950 38 925 – – –
g 40 976 – – –
1050 42 1020 – – –
1200 48 1166 – – –
1350 54 1312 – – –
1400 56 1360 – – –
1500 60 1458 – – –

Co-ordinate to the API 6D standard, an RB brawl valve has one size reduction upwardly to and including 12″ (due east.m., 12″   ×   x″) and 2 size reductions for sizes to a higher place 12″–24″ (due east.g., 24″   ×   twenty″), and customer and manufacturer understanding for sizes to a higher place 24″. This could event in 3 size reductions for above 24″ (e.g., 36″   ×   thirty″). Body-piece bolts for FB valves unremarkably accept more flange bolts compared to RB valves. An RB ball valve has a full bore at the cease flange (Parameter B on Fig. i.xiii, right valve), which is reduced gradually (Parameter B1 on Fig. 1.14, right valve). Therefore, both diameter sizes are shown on the general organisation drawing of RB brawl valves. However, the bore of a full-bore valve is constant (Parameter B on Fig. i.fourteen, left valve).

Fig. 1.13

Fig. 1.thirteen. Full-bore/reduced bore ball-valve drawings.

Fig. 1.14

Fig. one.fourteen. Total-bore ball valves.

Some instruments such as venture period meters may need some length of directly pipe upstream or downstream to avoid flow turbulence and accurate measurement. Fig. 1.xiv shows an 18″ ball valve in class 150 upstream of a flow element (FE) that should have the same diameter as the pipe to avoid flow turbulence in the menstruum element.

An API 6D full-diameter ball valve usually has a smaller bore diameter than the pipage. As an example, full-bore 18″ API 6D Class 150 ball valves in 22Cr duplex material could have a diameter diameter up to x–12   mm smaller than the pipe. The pipe in 22Cr duplex has no corrosion allowance and less thickness, which makes information technology have a larger bore compared to the valve and also compared to the carbon steel pipe. The minimum bore diameter (flow passage) is 90% of the inside diameter of the valve end equally per ASME B16.34, which is the standard for valve blueprint.

The inside bore of the pipe and valve are different; and then, in that location is a stride betwixt the valve body flange and the connected flange. All the same, in that location is no need to taper whatsoever of the valve connector flanges, unlike the flange connected to the equipment. Therefore, the brawl valve should be designed as a special diameter to provide a flow open area equal to the pipe bore. The internal surface of the ball, seat ring, and body and seat contact may create very low turbulence. Withal, a special gasket may exist required with the aforementioned internal bore as the pipage bore in the valve and flange connexion to avoid fluid turbulence.

Another example describes an FB ball valve that is coupled flange-to-flange to a dual plate check valve without any distance. Dual plate check valves usually crave a minimum of 2nd (2 times the pipe bore) upstream and 5D (5 times the pipe diameter) downstream directly line to avert flow turbulence and erosion inside the dual plate check valve. Therefore, it is not a expert thought to couple an RB ball valve to a dual plate check valve. Dual plate check valve disk clearance should be taken into account when the check valve is installed upstream of the ball valve, as shown in Fig. 1.15. However, installation of a check valve coupled to the FB ball from the downstream side is not a take a chance for dual-plate disk clash since the disk opens on the reverse side of the ball valve.

Fig. 1.15

Fig. 1.xv. Total-diameter ball valve coupled with a dual-plate bank check valve.

Ball valves may need to be FB upstream of the pumps to increment the cyberspace positive suction head of the pumps. It is recommended to have isolation ball valves as well upstream of the control valves. Although a reducer is designed upstream of the control valve, which makes pressure drib, an FB ball valve instead of an RB valve could be a better option upstream of the control valve equally shown in Fig. 1.16. Every bit shown in the figure, the isolation ball valve downstream of the control valve should be FB as well. Selection of an FB ball valve avoids flashing and having two-phase flow that tin can increase wearing, erosion, and cavitation in the control earth valve. However, an RB ball valve may be selected instead of FB to save price.

Fig. 1.16

Fig. 1.sixteen. Full-bore isolation ball valves earlier and after a control valve.

In one project, an RB brawl valve was selected instead of an FB ball valve in a subflare line. The process department asked for two parameters of Θ and B   =   d1/d2 to determine whether the catamenia capacity (CV value) of the RB was sufficient. These two parameters are shown in Fig. 1.17.

Fig. 1.17

Fig. 1.17. Ball-valve parameters of Θ and B.

Two FB brawl valves in series that are closed can be selected for manual depressurization to the flare system. As an instance, 2″ class 1500 ball valves for manual depressurizing should have at least a 49   mm diameter, as per Tabular array 1.i from the API 6D standard. If one wonders whether a wedge-type gate valve can be selected alternatively, the reply is no. A 2″ class 1500 wedge gate valve cannot provide full bore as per the API 602 standard that covers gate, world, and check valves for sizes 4″ and smaller in the petroleum and natural gas industries. The minimum bore of a wedge gate valve in the size and pressure class mentioned higher up is 38   mm, which is smaller than the ball-valve bore as per API 6D.

Except for the example of the ball valve close to the catamenia element (meter) mentioned earlier, pipeline valves should have a special bore equal or close to the pipage internal diameter, due to PIG running. Although pipeline valves are designed based on API 6D, minimum bore diameters given in API 6D are non necessarily piggable. The bore of a valve is usually less than the thickness of the pipage, specially when the pipage is manufactured from 22Cr duplex material. 22Cr duplex pipe has no corrosion allowance with relatively high force, which makes the pipe thickness less compared to a carbon steel pipage and the connected valve in 22Cr duplex material. Fig. 1.18 shows a drift exam after the manufacturing and assembly of a pipeline ball valve past passing a tool made of a 1   chiliad long bar with three round-shaped plastic plates on both ends and the middle to make sure that the internal diameter of the valve is suitable for running the PIG.

Fig. 1.18

Fig. 1.eighteen. Drift test on a riser brawl valve.

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Pipe system components

Maurice Stewart , in Surface Production Operations, 2016

4.two.8.iii Ball valves

4.2.8.3.1 General considerations

Ball valves are used for both on/off and throttling service. Ball valves are similar to plug valves but utilize a brawl-shaped seating chemical element ( Figure four.56). They are quick-opening and require just a quarter-turn to open up or close. They crave manual or power operators in large sizes and at high operating pressures to overcome the operating torque. They are equipped with soft seats that adapt readily to the surface of the ball and have a metallic-to-meal secondary seal. If the valve is left partially open for an extended menstruation under a high pressure drop across the ball, the soft seat may become damaged and may lock the ball in position. Ball valves are best suited for stopping and starting menses but may be used for moderate throttling. Compared with other valves with similar ratings, ball valves are relatively pocket-sized and light.

Figure 4.56. Rotary ball valve.

Brawl valve is the most used fluid shutoff valve in upstream oil and gas production facilities, both onshore and offshore. They are also used in fuel gas systems feeding furnaces. Plug valves nowadays the post-obit advantages:

•

Resistance to high pressure

•

Compact assembly

•

Quick opening and endmost

•

Easy maintenance

•

Can exist easily actuated (electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic actuator)

•

Acceptable for pigging performance

•

Low pressure drop

•

Can be repaired in situ

•

Adapted to the different hydrocarbon phases encountered (liquid, gas, and mixture).

Typical ball valve applications include the post-obit:

•

Pig valve: Launch and receive small scrapers

•

Rising stem: Loftier temperature and erosive fluids

•

Q-brawl: Menses control and depression noise

•

Compact DBB: Secure loftier pressure and/or long menses shutoff. Annotation: DBB is a valve organisation that provides positive isolation. The 2 (2) cake valves in serial are airtight and the pipe segment between them is depressurized via the drain valve.

4.2.8.3.2 Reduced port

Most ball valves have a reduced port with a venturi-shaped flow passage that is generally one pipe size smaller than the nominal valve size. The pressure drib through a reduced port valve is generally low enough that the additional cost of a full port valve is not justified.

iv.two.8.iii.three Full port

Full port ball valves are required in applications such as hot tapping operations or in a line subject to pigging.

4.2.viii.iii.4 Operating considerations

Since brawl valves open and shut and then chop-chop, ball valves may induce water hammer or surge pressures. The hollow brawl may trap fluid in the closed position and may cause problems if the valve body is non vented. Abrasive solids suspended in the fluid catamenia may damage the seats and ball surface because the ball moves across the seats with a wiping motility.

Ball valves handling combustible or dangerous materials should be provided with an emergency seat seal. These emergency seat seals come up into operation should the soft seals fire out in a fire (burn-safe). They consist normally of a secondary metal seat in shut proximity to the ball so that the ball can float confronting the metallic seat (or vice versa) after the soft seats have deteriorated. Packing materials should exist capable of lasting through a burn down. Brawl valves are classified every bit either floating ball or trunnion-mounted types.

four.two.viii.3.5 Floating brawl

In the floating brawl configuration, the ball is free to move in the lateral direction. Fluid pressure acting on the ball forces the ball into the seats, giving a tight seal (Figure four.57). The floating brawl is non used in loftier pressure and large sizes for two reasons. First, the high force of the ball against the seats can deform the seats and affect the depression-pressure level sealing characteristics of the valve. 2nd, the same forcefulness makes the valve difficult to operate, thus requiring a high torque to overcome the seating force at high-pressure differentials.

Effigy 4.57. Floating brawl valve.

4.ii.eight.3.half-dozen Trunnion-mounted

In the trunnion-mounted configuration, the ball rotates in a fixed position (Figure four.58 ). The ball cannot move in the lateral direction because information technology is held in place by a shaft on the top and the lesser of the ball. The valve creates a seal by either fluid pressure level forcing a floating seat ring against the ball or pro-stressing the seats and the ball. Stress can occur equally a result of an interference fit betwixt the brawl and seal or as a result of a spring-type mechanism. The trunnion ball valve is easier to operate than the floating brawl valve and is available in larger sizes and higher pressure classes.

Effigy four.58. Trunnion-mounted ball valve.

4.two.8.3.7 Orbit brawl valve

The orbit brawl valve uses a rotating motility and cam action to create a seal ( Figure 4.59). Operation requires several turns of the handwheel. With the valve in the open position, clockwise rotation of the handwheel causes the brawl to rotate clockwise until the port through the ball is perpendicular to the flow stream. The ball is held away from the seat by the stem then as to avoid chafe. The concluding few turns of the handwheel cause a cam surface on the stem to contact a matching surface in the ball to force the brawl confronting the seat for a tight seal. This action makes the orbit valve easier to operate than other types of ball valves and suitable for moderately abrasive services. Orbit ball valves are popular in larger sizes where ability operators are required, which are less expensive than an operator for a conventional quarter-turn brawl valve.

Figure 4.59. Orbit ball valve.

 (Courtesy of Orbit, Inc.)

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Control VALVES

R. Keith Mobley , in Fluid Power Dynamics, 2000

Ball Valves

Ball valves are shutoff valves that use a ball to stop or start the menstruum of fluid downstream of the valve. The brawl, shown in Figure 7-1, performs the same function as the disc in other valves. As the valve handle is turned to open the valve, the ball rotates to a betoken where part or the entire hole that is machined through the ball is in line with the valve trunk inlet and outlet. This allows fluid flow to pass through the valve. When the ball is rotated so that the hole is perpendicular to the menstruation path, the flow stops.

Figure 7-1. Typical ball valve.

Most brawl valves are the quick-acting type. They require a xc-degree plough of the actuator lever to either fully open or completely close the valve. This feature, coupled with the turbulent flow generated when the ball opening is partially open, limits the apply of ball valves equally a menses control device. This type of valve is normally express to strictly an "on–of" command function.

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Terms and definitions

Karan Sotoodeh , in Prevention of Actuator Emissions in the Oil and Gas Manufacture, 2021

B

Ball valve: A type of quarter turn valve used to start or stop fluid (on/off purpose). The shape of the valve closure fellow member is like a ball with a pigsty inside. When the hole is parallel to the fluid flow, the valve is open and the fluid passes through the valve. The rotation of the closure member to ninety degrees closes the valve, as the hole in the brawl and then stands perpendicular to the flow direction and the solid function of the closure member stops the fluid.

Bar: A metric unit of pressure, simply non function of the International System of Units (SI). One bar is divers as exactly equal to 100,000 pascal (Pa) (100   kilopascal (kPa)), or slightly less than the current boilerplate pressure at sea level (approximately 1.013 bar). Each bar is approximately fourteen.vii times 1 psi. Cf. psi.

Blowout: An uncontrolled release of crude oil and/or gas from a well. Modern wells have a blowout preventor as well as surface control subsea valves (SCSSVs) to prevent the blowout. Cf. SCSSV. Fig. i.two illustrates a catastrophic blowout from a well that fix a platform on fire.

Fig. 1.2

Fig. one.two. A blowout. Courtesy: Shutterstock.

Butterfly valve: A quarter plow valve, like a ball valve, used for period regulation and fluid isolation. The closure member of the valve is a disk that rotates 90 degrees between open and closed positions. Butterfly valves tin can be used instead of brawl valves equally a less costly selection for fluid isolation in utility services such every bit water. Fig. 1.three illustrates a very big 48″ butterfly valve with a safe liner between its torso and disk.

Fig. 1.3

Fig. one.3. 48″ butterfly valve.

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Piping material, procedure terms, and piping codes

Geoff Barker IEng.,MEI. , in The Engineer'south Guide to Plant Layout and Piping Design for the Oil and Gas Industries, 2018

Valves: Types of valves

Gate valves—Used for ON-OFF shutdown

Image 39

Globe valves—Used for throttling and command of menses, and for control valves.

Image 40

Ball valves—There are ii types of brawl valves: reduced port and total port, typical applications for these valves are air lines, process lines, gas lines, pigging lines (full port just) design and price decides the type to be used.

Image 41

Plug valves—used in industrial processes, oil and gas, petro-chemical, refining, and pipelines. The advantage of the plug valve is that during the opening and closing of the valve, the valve deejay and valve seat is separated and there is no friction and thus the sealing confront has no abrasion, a soft seal is practical for sealing, so there will exist no leakage in the process of closing.

Image 42

Butterfly valves—used throughout the process, oil and gas, pharmaceutical, nutrient, brewing, and industrial industries for process, water, and fluids.

Types of butterfly valves include flanged, lug, wafer, and triple offset.

Image 43

It should be noted that yous never place a butterfly valve at a vessel nozzle, every bit the disk can penetrate inside the vessel nozzle.

A lug or wafer butterfly valve therefore could non be used as an isolation valve at a piece of equipment equally for maintenance the valve could non exist removed, as the line would not be isolated.

Triple offset butterfly valves—these valves are now existence used more and more because of their ability to provide a skilful tight seal.

Image 44

Check valves—used anywhere a return period has to exist prevented, used in all procedure facilities.

There are unlike types of check valves (also known as nonreturn valves).

Swing bank check, spring type, wafer type—duo check, ball type, wafer type.

Image 45

Image 46

Image 47

Image 48

Diaphragm valve—used throughout the process industries as well every bit mining, food, pharmaceutical, they are primarily used in slurry services, h2o, and low-pressure service.

These valves are likewise known every bit "Saunders Valves" subsequently the inventor who came across the idea after walking over a hose pipe in a South African mine, and noticed how the flow was reduced subsequently stepping on the hose.

Image 49

Command valves—used for the control of catamenia or force per unit area, generally (but not e'er) globe valves are used for this purpose.

Image 50

Pressure relief valves—known as PRVs (pressure relief valves) or PSVs (pressure safety valves)—are a form of control valve as they are set to open up at preset pressures, and relieve into a pressure level relieving organization such as a Flare Header.

Image 51

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